The ring fence protecting the public contribution to research and development that we fought so hard for in 2010 is looking ever more shaky, and recent one-off boosts haven't prevented the public spend from falling below 0.5% of GDP – much less than any other developed economy.
Lilly's greatest contributions were his standardized and methodical creation of drugs, his dedication to research and development, and the actual value of the drugs he created.
This thematic series brings together innovative contributions to the research and development of novel service composition approaches to assist the design, development, validation and execution of service-oriented applications for the FI.
This will ensure sustained regional contributions to medical research and development.
In this chapter, the commonly used strategies for microbial enzyme production and molecular engineering are systematically summarized, and we hope this review could make a contribution to the research and development of the microbial enzyme field.
This paper describes the process and findings of the workshop as a contribution to research development in Africa and for transparency in European policy-making.
Furthermore, there will be a full exploration not only of the contribution to research training and career development, but also of any translation of the research findings into product development, policy and practice.
Knowledge in some fields like Medicine, Science and Engineering is very dynamic because of the continuous contributions of research and development.
The authors of these articles discuss the partnerships established between communities, community-based organizations, and researchers; the evolution and development of those partnerships in relation to the research effort; the partnerships' contributions to the evolution and development of the research; and lessons learned in that process.
Whilst there have been attempts to develop conceptual frameworks for evaluating the functioning of national health research systems [ 12] and the economic contribution of research and development [ 13], none of these has addressed how to monitor prospectively the performance of health research systems.
As a result, total spending on science activities in 2010-11 – also including the UK's contribution to the European Union research and development budget – fell by 6.4% when adjusted for inflation.
