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The electrical conductivity was primarily due to the contribution of oxygen vacancies.
The permanent change was explained as a contribution of oxygen containing polar molecular groups, which were detected by XPS.
Our data show that the reactivity of these two polymorphs has a similar character based on the contribution of oxygen vacancy defect states and related material non-stoichiometry.
The red shift of defect band emission from the 568 nm (2.18 eV) to the 580 nm (2.13 eV) caused by increasing of the contribution of oxygen interstitials (Oi) in the low energy wing of defect band emission.
Furthermore, after Ti-doping, the relaxation energy during lithium deintercalation decreases owing to the alleviation of Jahn Teller effects, while the contribution of oxygen atoms to the redox process increases, resulting in the increase of the working voltage.
According to the atom additive prediction model of solubility developed in our group [43], the positive contribution of oxygen element is very significant, and even much higher than that of nitrogen element, and therefore more oxygen atoms give more favorable contributions to solubility.
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It is clear from the Ti2p spectra that the contribution of oxygen-deficient TiO2 species is higher in TiO2-nit than TiO2-sul and TiO2-ace samples.
The experimental results evidence that the enhanced dielectric relaxation behavior originates from the increased vacancy defect dipoles in rGO generated through chemical reduction, and rule out the contribution of oxygen-containing functional groups to the dielectric relaxation.
Contributions of oxygen atoms which are closer to the vacancies in γ-Al2O3 dominate.
Thus, it is challenging to decisively untangle the various contributions of oxygen gradients in our observations, but oxygen is more likely to be the driver of these other sinusoidal gradients than vice versa.
The total p-DOSs for O and Al atoms show that contribution of the oxygen p-states dominates valence states in the vicinity of the Fermi level.
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