The second is whether the human race is substantially contributing to this effect.
The authors described multiple programs that could be contributing to this effect, including a sustained inflammatory response, dysregulated and stiff ECM (which would confer alterations in integrin signaling), as well as increases in expression of transcription factors (Smad2/3, Snai1, Id2, Id3, Bmp1) that block differentiation-promoting myogenic transcription factors (MyoD, MyoG, Mef2).
The total variance explained by each regression model can be partitioned, or "decomposed" into specific types of effects: direct, indirect, spurious (due to a common cause), and unanalyzed (because the directionality is unknown, as the path contributing to this effect includes a curved arrow).
Because IAV has long been characterized as a cytopathic virus (based on its ability to rapidly lyse most cell types in culture), it has been a forgone conclusion that directly infected cells could not be contributing to this effect.
Eliot noted the imperfect rhyme scheme – parade and said do not quite rhyme – as strongly contributing to this effect, with the slight interruption supporting the feel of a large number of men marching together, not quite in harmony.
More Bd+ R. aurora tadpoles were consumed by predators compared to controls (z = 2.94, p = 0.003), with variation between individual predators contributing to this effect (z = 2.53, p = 0.012).
