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Other BTEX compounds--toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene--have been found to produce adverse health effects including respiratory and neurological effects [ 5- 7] and react to form secondary organic aerosols, contributing to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) [ 8].
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from such sources also contributes to ambient PM2.5.
SR activities and passive leaching may contribute to ambient water toxicity.
Household cooking with solid fuels contributes to ambient PM2.5 air pollution and the burden of disease.
It is well known that various sources contribute to ambient levels of measured EC (Schauer 2003; White 2001).
Both local emissions sources, such as traffic, and emissions transported from upwind sources, such as electric utilities, contribute to ambient ozone levels in populated areas.
In some cases, the emissions that contribute to ambient concentrations of ozone, PM, and other criteria air pollutants are also air toxics.
However, these uses can also result in harmful exposures and substantially contribute to ambient air pollution (Lei et al. 2011; Smith and Pillarisetti 2012; Ward and Lange 2010).
Prior studies have suggested that diesel fuel combustion contributes to ambient PAHs in NYC (Tonne et al. 2004), whereas coal burning in small furnaces is a major source of PAHs in Krakow (Lvovsky et al. 2000).
Although we recognize that there can be much local variation in the degree to which household fuels contribute to ambient PM2.5, we made this assumption based on the spatial scale at which emissions are reported, which, in the case of this globally consistent analysis, is at the country or regional level.
Taken together, our results indicate that a variety of mobile sources contribute to ambient vehicle exhaust particles in the trucking industry, with EC representing mainly diesel sources and OC representing a mixture of mobile sources that depend on the work environment.
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