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This is largely because the genetic architecture of endophenotypes appears to be very much like that of behavioral traits and disorders: they are complex, influenced by many variants (e.g., tens of thousands) within many genes, each contributing a very small effect.
Large effect QTL may be due to the inbreeding nature of some species, while out-crossing plants such as tall fescue and maize may have very large number of genes contributing a very small amount to a quantitative trait [ 46].
From the observation that combinations of autosomal SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) predicting schizophrenia in one sample also predict illness in independent samples it has been argued [Purcell et al., 2009] that heritability is highly polygenic with perhaps more than a thousand genes each contributing a very small effect.
The genetic variants that emerged from these analyses explained <1 12% of the variance in the phenotype examined, once again suggesting these traits are highly polygenic with many loci contributing a very small proportion of the variation, and these phenotype-genotype associations were often sex specific.
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Other components of aboveground biomass such as palms and herbaceous vegetation contribute a very small fraction compared to the contributions of tree aboveground biomass.
The rich contribute a very small quantity of money to this.
Thus the inferior vena caval compression in the abdomen would only occur at its downstream extremity and this could only contribute a very small fraction to the blood shift volumes we measured.
We detected only one instance of sneaking, so cuckoldry contributed a very small percentage (~0.1%) of the total fertilizations in this population.
Our data suggest that amino acids are relatively poor sources of nitrogen compared to nitrate, and that amino acids contribute a very small amount to growth and potential reproductive output in A. thaliana.
BCG-specific IL-2+ CD8+ T cells contributed a very small proportion of the overall response; however, the frequency was significantly different between the four groups of infants, P = 0.005.
A: Very small quantities, and we stopped.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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