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If breakdown of immunity contributes to selection for X4 variants, then immune-based strategies may delay or prevent amplification of X4-using viruses independent of the tissue of origin.
One additional factor that contributes to selection of a drug for a patient is cost.
Nevertheless, the major limitation of this study is its retrospective design, which contributes to selection bias.
We therefore think that the first mechanism is more plausible, although it is conceivable that the Fisher-Muller effect also contributes to selection on the recombination modifier.
PubMed consists largely of English-language journals; therefore, it possibly contributes to selection bias because PubMed does not represent all the scientific and biomedical journals published.
Unnecessarily prolonged surgical prophylaxis contributes to selection pressure for antimicrobial resistance [ 20] and associated risks such as Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) [ 21].
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A trait is selected for its possession of a certain property only if that property causally contributed to selection of traits of the type (see Sober 1984).
To examine the differences between participants and nonparticipants in a study of children with unilateral hearing loss that might contribute to selection bias.
Studies of gene-environment interplay show that CD genetic predispositions also contribute to selection into higher-risk environments, and that environmental factors can alter the importance of CD genetic factors and differentially methylate CD candidate genes.
These factors also may contribute to selection pressure in the protein-coding and non-coding DNA regions.
But we must still prove that older males contribute to selection at ages greater than female menopause.
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