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The grain refinement, work hardening and dispersion hardening are contributed to surface hardening.
The overuse of chemical fertilizers and poor soil management contributed to surface and groundwater pollution in many regions in the developing countries which may cause human health hazard (Magdoff and Harold 2009).
Thus the cooling of the Earth interior has slowed down mantle convection which has contributed to surface cooling due to its influence on the greenhouse effect.
These residual biofilms contributed to surface recolonization after 48 h, as was observed in RT.
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This implies that γ-radiation may alter the surface characteristics contributing to surface complexation of Co2+.
Table 2 Factors that can contribute to surface transportation closure during ashfall.
Analysis of variance is also applied to ascertain statistically significant factors contributing to surface roughness.
This stabilized the surface charge structure with NH4+ acting as one of the new ionic species contributing to surface complexation.
It is difficult to incorporate all factors which contribute to surface transportation closure (Table 2) into volcanic fragility functions.
Only the electrons on the magnetic field lines that connect with the obstacle can contribute to surface charging.
Boehm titration provides evidence for the existence of surface functional groups such as carboxylic, lactonic, phenolic and carbonyl contributing to surface acidity (Boehm 1966).
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