Although TGF- β1 is undoubtedly contributed to obstruction-induced fibrosis, it is normally secreted as a latent procytokine complex that needs activation before signaling through TGF- β receptor and mediating fibrogenic effects [ 18, 20].
Processes contributing to obstruction in the small conducting airways include disruption of the epithelial barrier, interference with mucociliary clearance apparatus that results in accumulation of inflammatory mucous exudates in the small airway lumen, infiltration of the airway walls by inflammatory cells, and deposition of connective tissue in the airway wall.
In a previous study, an effective in vitro system was developed to understand how single cells suspended in CSF adhere to catheters and contribute to obstruction [ 14].
Elevation of PEL implied a spread of CMPI toward the luminal surface, and further investigation suggested that the activation of SPFs, which normally reside in the subperitoneal outer area of the colonic wall, contributes to obstruction of the bowel.
For a given cell, the MCD may then describe a criterion that determines whether IRBCs may be physically segregated and trapped by the spleen, or contribute to obstruction of capillaries in the microcirculation.
In COPD, remodeling of the small airways and lung parenchyma contributes to obstructions in air flow (Sköld 2010), whereas in asthma, airway obstruction may originate predominantly in the larger airways.
It was believed that the micropores as observed at grain boundaries in the PMNT/ZnO ceramics (in black circles in Figure 2b, c, d) contributed to the obstruction of crack propagation, and hence, a decrease in crack propagation led to an increase in fracture toughness values.
The high aerosol doses and frequent administration likely contributed to filter obstruction.
Another theoretical mechanism by which subject N1's mutation might have contributed to her airflow obstruction could relate to accelerated bradykinin (BK) metabolism.
A high fraction of inspired oxygen was also entrained into the NIV circuit and this extra anhydrous gas may have contributed to the airway obstruction.
Impaired biliary excretion due to obstruction likely contributed to the DLT seen in these two patients.
