As participants contribute their genes for research in solidarity, sponsors should return back this solidarity by distributing benefits to participants and everyone [ 40].
That is, a female parent and a male parent each contribute their genes to make a child with about half of its genes from each parent.
Because their mating system is a "non-resource-based polygyny" (p. 116), the males contribute only their genes to the next generation, i.e., they are not involved in parental care in any way.
Anadromous smolts out-migrating from Sashin Lake must pass over two large barrier waterfalls and are not able to return to Sashin Lake to contribute their alleles to the gene pool; thus, there is strong selection against the migratory life history in the lake.
We searched the Abp regions for evidence that retrotransposons contributed to their gene expansions, perhaps acting as substrates for NAHR.
We confirmed that individual cell lines contribute their own unique set of genes to URR, arguing for a pool of RNA from several cell lines as a better configuration for URR as opposed to a single cell line source for URR.
As a result, they contributed none of their genes to the next generation.
C sex is the cost of sex, assumed to be 0.5 if males contribute nothing but their genes to the offspring.
The relationships between bacteriophage genes and those of eukaryotic viruses (Table 5) imply that the mitochondria and, possibly, other, transient endosymbionts also contributed many genes from their phage gene pool to the emerging eukaryotic viruses [ 53, 85].
Sex chromosomes and their genes contribute to differential disease susceptibility, but there might also be interactions between sex hormones, sex chromosomes, and the autosomal background.
