This effect was attributed to the increase in the ionized groups of glucuronic acid segments, which contributed to electrostatic repulsion among the groups and led the gel polymer network to expand.
For example, in late stage embryos, Robo2 protein expression is restricted to the lateral most regions of the longitudinal connectives where it is presumably acting to control lateral positioning, while in younger embryos robo2 mRNA can be detected in ipsilateral pioneer neurons where it is likely contributing to midline repulsion.
The latter generates the important interplay of specific interaction and unspecific repulsion which both contribute to the complex process of cell adhesion and interaction.
The predicted substituent dependence of GlcNAc puckering, and that of uronic acids (Sattelle et al. 2010), leads us to hypothesize that the slower exchange kinetics of sulfonated GlcNAc residues (favoring a more rigid C1 chair) may, in concert with electrostatic repulsion of sulfo moieties, contribute to the observation that HS S-domains are more rigid than NA-domains (Mobli et al. 2008).
A comprehensive structure function study examining the functional importance of each individual domain will increase our understanding of how the different regions of Robo1 contribute to its in vivo role in midline repulsion and its other developmental roles.
Given that multiple MBONs can independently contribute to behavioral valence as measured by attraction vs repulsion, we sought to determine how conflicting or consonant information from multiple MBONs is integrated to bias behavior.
Three dominant mechanisms contribute to determine the adsorption energy: the Pauli or exchange repulsion, the metal polarization, and the partial dative bonding from the anion to the surface.
The steric stabilization through the pendent chains and surface gel and the electrostatic repulsion from the carboxyl acid groups contribute to the formation of monodisperse polymer microspheres.
Since recombination should only occur between an electron and a hole, the repulsion of electron from the surface could contribute to the decrease of recombination.
This is not surprising, since the repulsion between two negatively charged residues could hardly contribute to the protein stability [ 61].
