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The new technique was applied to two experimental sites with contrasting objectives, geological and hydrogeological conditions, and field equipment facilities.
Socio-economic interests and environment preservation are typically contrasting objectives between which a suitable trade-off must be achieved.
More in detail, a multi-objective optimization is performed by considering two contrasting objectives to be minimized: primary energy demand and investment cost.
Maintaining habitat for fauna of both sufficient extent and connectivity while fragmenting areas of high fuel loads presents land managers with seemingly contrasting objectives.
This delicate phase presents the greatest opportunity to obtain high performance buildings, but pertinent performance information is needed for designers to be able to deal with multidisciplinary and contrasting objectives.
Heterogeneous stakeholders living in cities, in fact, interact, both competing and cooperating, and, often, are characterised by contrasting objectives.
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Two well known crashworthiness indicators are considered as contrasting objective functions: the Specific Energy Absorption (SEA) and the Load Ratio (LR), whose responses are approximated by multiple types of surrogate models due to their computational cost and their noise levels.
Next, the problem was solved by trading off between two contrasting objective functions, i.e., operating and emission cost functions, for simultaneous minimization.
After an additional 48 h of incubation, neurite outgrowth of PC-12 cells was observed under an inverted microscope using phase-contrast objectives and photographed by the digital camera.
Numeric grid-marked coverslips (Bellco Biotechnology, Vineland, NJ) coated with laminin were used to track changes in identified cells during culture, under time-lapse microscopy (Nikon TE-2000E inverted microscope) for continuous analysis, or intermittently in an inverted microscope (Nikon TE-2000 U), with phase contrast objectives.
Microvascular endothelial monolayers on coverslips were stimulated with TNF-α (2.5 ng/ml) for 16 hours at 37oC, positioned in the flow chamber, and mounted on an inverted microscope equipped with 10x and 40x phase contrast objectives.
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