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The person estimates derived from these two subsets of items are then contrasted for each individual by a t test.
These two models were contrasted for each gene partition separately (ITS, mtSSU, nuLSU) across the whole ingroup of parmelioid lichens, as well as across five selected, well-supported major clades within parmelioid lichens, which are Hypotrachyna 1, Hypotrachyna 2, Melanohalea, Parmotrema and Xanthoparmelia [ 21, 29] to determine rate differences within these clades.
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The results obtained from these analyses were the estimated BOLD contrasts for each of the 24 participants (contrast images).
We compared mean blood lead concentrations between control pigs and test pigs on days 0 through 9 using 2-way ANOVA with repeated measures and restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimation; we performed linear group contrasts for each day.
We calculated MLE body mass contrasts for each sister pair of clades.
We calculated body mass contrasts for each sister pair used in our analyses.
Within each set of NILs, lines contrasting for each marker locus were grouped and analyzed for their phenotypic differences.
A second level analysis was performed on the basis of the linear contrasts for each subject and condition.
Testing was performed using biological triplicates for three tissue-specific contrasts under well-watered conditions and on the water status contrasts for each tissue type.
To visualise the typical representation of lips, hands and arms in Figure 2, contrasts for each task condition was defined against the feet condition in each control participant.
We calculated statistically independent linear contrasts for each variable according to the method developed by Felsenstein [ 65] using the computer program CAIC [ 66].
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