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Second, produce an argument or two supporting the contrary hypothesis, that God does not exist.
But there is a contrary hypothesis that may be just as compelling, and that would be bad news for Mr. Obama.
Generalizing, if there is any contrary hypothesis that I cannot rule out, then I am not justified in believing that what I see is a lake.
All a skeptic needs to show is that, for each belief, there is some contrary hypothesis that cannot be ruled out.
Since a belief entails the denial of every contrary hypothesis, this closure principle in effect says that I cannot be justified in believing p unless I am justified in denying every hypothesis contrary to p — that is, unless I can rule out all contrary hypotheses.
However if we consider the contrary hypothesis where Dromiciops can be the sister group of Australidelphia [7], the condition for the ancestral marsupial would be ambiguous and a tendency for arboreality would be as parsimonious as a more terrestrial lifestyle.
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This first approach isn't necessarily problematic – the peer-review process is necessary but imperfect, and in fact contrary hypotheses are often useful scientific contributions.
Contrary to hypothesis, both PTSD+ and PTSD– groups showed a rebound in trauma-related thoughts following deliberate thought suppression.
They can never create a lasting commitment to an action or a value, and often they have exactly the opposite effect … contrary to hypothesis.
Contrary to hypothesis (i), M. montanus and P. maniculatus populations were not positively related to vegetation type within linear habitats and their adjacent crop and non-crop areas.
(Hint: Watch for the phrase "contrary to hypothesis"). That was the case with both of these attendance studies — even though their findings really were predictable in light of earlier research.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com