The magnitude of change in bird density in response to broad-scale environmental change is generally greatest at the edge of a species' range, and environmental change that negatively affects species tends to result in a contraction of the range towards the core [28].
The southerly contraction of Neanderthal range in southwestern Europe during Greenland Interstadial 8 was not due to climate change or a change in adaptation, but rather concurrent AMH geographic expansion appears to have produced competition that led to Neanderthal extinction.
The results also display a significant contraction of the range of switch time values with increasing single-cell transcription rate means, suggesting that the more rapid transition at higher transcription rates is a global phenomenon (fig. 6 A).
For instance, endemism in tectonically active regions should reflect cladogenesis within the montane region, rather than the contraction of geographic range from a much larger region ([ 2], but see also [ 3]).
It suggests that the transition between generalist and specialist strategies in Nasonia was not only an expansion or contraction of host range, but also included an actual change in preference for the Protocalliphora hosts parasitized by both specialists and generalists.
In another study, cessation of culling prompted a contraction of badger ranging within about two years, but recovery of badger numbers took around 10 years [25].
High temperatures may impact tick survival, causing a northward contraction of the southern range of I. scapularis, resulting in a northward shift, rather than overall expansion, of the geographic range of climatic suitability for I. scapularis (Brownstein et al. 2005).
Evacuation is aided by voluntary contraction of a wide range of accessory muscles.
An increased frequency of large-scale disturbances caused by extreme weather events will cause increasing gaps and an overall contraction of the distribution range, particularly in areas with relatively low levels of spatial cohesion.
Collectively, these trends were not as drastic as the trends predicted for Kazakhstan, but contraction of a southern range was suggested for all three diseases.
