These findings appear plausible because it is likely that a drug focused on improving the pathophysiology of sepsis will have a continuum of effect on patients, potentially anchored at one end by improvements at a cellular level, but presumably then acting to improve individual organ or multiorgan function, and hopefully leading to a reduction in death rate.
This data-driven conclusion buttresses the theoretical continuum of effect: for many outcomes, such as HIV acquisition, pregnancy or intimate partner violence, there is no conceptual basis for age disparities of 4 years having no impact at all on the outcomes but for age disparities of 6 years substantially determining outcomes.
The regression models we built showed that, in many cases, there is a continuum of effects influencing the molecular state of a target pathway and that, in specific pathways, (i.e. Gap junction and ErbB signalling pathways) toxicity is observed either above or below a given threshold of pathway activity (Figure 5).
Therefore, HR is viewed as part of a continuum of effects mediated by defense elicitors [ 4, 5, 15, 25, 27– 29].
Only if all of these mechanisms fail will there be hypothyroidism, the first adverse effect in the continuum of effects resulting from perchlorate ingestion.
Within this framework structural factors (which include physical infrastructure and the wealth of a society, through to the political and policy environment) can be seen to create a continuum of effects which may enhance or diminish the health of populations.
Prenatal exposure to alcohol is associated with a continuum of effects including growth deficits, dysmorphology, and complex patterns of behavioral and cognitive difficulties resulting from central nervous system damage during fetal life [ 54].
The continuum of effects due to increasing formaldehyde concentrations can be broken down into those associated first with odor detection, followed by sensory irritation and associated upper respiratory tract endpoints when progressing to higher concentrations and effects such as frank tissue damage and nasal tumors, which are discussed later in this review.
Maternal iodine deficiency has been associated with a number of adverse effects on the infant brain resulting in a continuum of effects depending on the degree of iodine deficiency, from lowered IQ to severe mental retardation. 1 The thyroid gland uses iodine to make thyroid hormones, which in turn direct brain development.
Given that DSE dimensions in the presence of sarcosine and urea are part of the same continuum of effects (17), Figure 2 and eq 1 were used to obtain Rh values of 34.0, 28.6, 28, and 26.8 Å, respectively, for the DSE in 6 M urea and 0.3, 0.6, and 1.0 M sarcosine solutions at 55 °C.
This is in accordance with what we expect to be a continuum of deleterious effect of iodine deficiency all life long including fetal period.
