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This approach complemented other recent GWAS studies of reading/language performance (Eicher et al. 2013; Luciano et al. 2013) because it included continuous trait variance across a broad range of reading and language abilities, but also involved a pronounced enrichment for poor performance while not applying an arbitrary dichotomy between RD/SLI cases and controls.
The chosen cost function consists of a weighted sum of average (with respect to continuous time) variances of the controlled variable (yaw angle) and control signal (rudder angle).
For each cytoband, the relationships between clinico-pathologic features and CNAs were assessed using either the Pearson's chi-squared test with Yates' correction for continuity (categorical variables) or the analysis of variance (continuous variables with log-transformation).
Second, with TC, SBP, and DBP treated as continuous variables, total variance in each variable was quantified and dissected into within- and between-patient variance by using ANOVA modeling.
a Pearson's exact chi-square test (dichotomous variable) and one way analysis of variance (continuous variable) with Bonferroni corrections; b Cochran-Armitage test for dichotomous outcomes and one way analysis of variance for continuous outcomes; c)Sum of specific IgE > 3.9 kU/l.
Further differences between subgroups were addressed by analysis of variance (continuous variables) and chi-square tests (dichotomous variables).
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the two study groups were compared at baseline using analysis of variance (continuous variables).
Between-group comparisons utilized two-sample t-tests and one-way analysis of variance (continuous data) and Chi-square analyses (categorical data).
Means and standard deviations of all variables were calculated and gender differences were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (continuous variables) or χ-tests (categorical variables).
Baseline characteristics of participants by standing time category were compared by analysis of variance (continuous variables) or chi-squared test (categorical variables).
To better control for heterogeneity of variance, continuous variables were transformed as appropriate to approximate normality before inclusion in statistical models.
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