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It's also key to note that the success of the vaccines change from year to year due to the continuous mutation of the flu strains.
Antigenic drift is caused by continuous mutation of the genomes due to the high error rate of the viral RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase.
A limitation of current vaccines is that the major vaccine targets, the antigenic regions of HA, are highly susceptible to continuous mutation in circulating epidemic virus strains [1], [2].
In order to evade the host immune system, the HA and NA proteins of both influenza A and influenza B viruses undergo continuous mutation and by this mean evade the host immune system.
The β-lactamase producing bacteria are increasing in number and cause more severe infections because of continuous mutation of their lactamase genes, many of them belonging to the TEM β-lactamase family [ 4, 8].
Real-time PCR assays using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes, molecular beacons, or TaqMan probes have been adapted for continuous mutation detection of amplification products in a closed system.
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Genomes are not static but are instead subject to continuous mutations during evolution.
Other studies also represent continuous mutations as a rearrangement event [ 9, 10].
One of them is tatC, whose several continuous mutations were observed in the 3′-end and the stop codon was extended 27bp away.
By minimizing substitutions we are able to establish a relation between indels that could have occurred in the same position of the compared genomes, identifying genomic regions that could be subject to these continuous mutations.
Observe that it is not suggested that a substitution occurs in a precise moment in evolution, but instead it represents a region that underwent continuous mutations (duplications, losses and gene mutations), so that a group of genes is transformed into a different group of genes (either of which may also be empty, allowing a substitution to represent an insertion or a deletion).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com