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A binomial analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) can be specified by adding discrete and continuous covariates to the linear predictor of a binomial generalized linear model (GLM).
We recently developed a general combinatorial approach, namely the generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) method, which can entertain both qualitative and quantitative phenotypes and allows for both discrete and continuous covariates to detect G × G and G × E interactions in a sample of unrelated individuals.
Before drawing a general relationship between these variables and time, a GLIM analysis (GENMOD procedure and GLIMMIX macro of SAS 9.0) was used to assess whether it varied among lizard individuals, using individual as random factor, and time and time2 as continuous covariates (to account for potential non-linearity), a gamma error distribution and a power link function.
Analyses were repeated with continuous covariates to assess residual confounding.
Estimated marginal means (EMM) were calculated, by setting the continuous covariates to their cohort means.
In this simulation study, truncating imputed values for the continuous covariates to within the plausible range produced less bias than allowing implausible values.
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We have used age as a continuous covariate to illustrate the method.
Age was added as a continuous covariate to adjust for age differences between treatment groups.
For each outcome, the interview wave was evaluated as a continuous covariate to assess monotonic trends.
We also added a quadratic term of each continuous covariate to test for the possible nonlinear relationship with biomarkers, and the test for nonlinearity was not statistically significant.
The disadvantages of C&RT lie in having to decide what threshold to use for continuous covariates, and to correct for multiple testing and overfitting.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com