The bias towards females seen in the herd structures, also discussed by Bailey et al. (1999) for other pastoral areas, ensures adequate provision of milk, an important source of food and income, and continued reproduction of replacement stock for rapid recovery after drought, disease or other disasters.
Two years after translocation 93% of females that had become non-reproductive had recommenced reproduction (Fig 3a), and growth of lobsters that had regressed reproduction matched growth of translocated lobsters that had continued reproduction (Fig. 3b).
Indeed, population-level dynamical adaptation, noise during gene expression and continuing reproduction need to be taken into account both at the design stage and as part of the experimental verification.
Again, the hallmarks perspective implicates this attribute because it is a key feature of oncogenesis, whereas the barrier framework emphasizes it because continued reproduction provides a fundamental advantage in oncogenic selection.
In order to maintain populations as units of reproduction and thus enable anagenetic evolution, genetic factors must exist which prevent continuing reproductive separation or enhance reproductive contact.
Continued sexual reproduction in plant populations with substantial asexual ramet proliferation is very common in perennial plants (Dorken and Eckert, 2001; Silvertown, 2008).
Furthermore, these worms continued asexual reproduction over the course of the RNAi treatments without any noticeable differences when compared to control RNAi) worms.
C. elegans is broadly tolerant to hypoxia and can continue development and reproduction in as little as 5000 ppm O2 (Nystul et al., 2003; Miller & Roth, 2009).
Eventually the red blood cell ruptures, dumping its load of parasites back into the circulation, where they are free to continue their cycle of reproduction and destruction.
Each subsequent generation of single-parent reproduction would continue that trend, with the increasing risk that normally hidden defects would surface.
