Duplicates are more likely to be reassigned than single-copy genes, with this reassignment often occurring in a brief 'window of opportunity' after duplication; however, duplicates that arise from the whole-genome duplication continue to be reassigned over a much longer time.
Gene duplication, including tandem duplication, segmental duplication and genome duplication, continues to be a pervasive process and contributes to biological novelty in evolution [ 39, 40].
Cells have evolved with conserved recombination mediated genome editing pathways as a mean for repairing DSBs and restarting replication forks, thus allowing genome duplication to continue [8].
In any case, we expect the non-functional remnants of gene duplication to continue to diverge from the original copy, along with the other non-coding regions of the LCR, until eventually all evidence of duplication is erased.
After duplication, both copies continue functioning when natural selection favors duplicated protein function or expression, or when mutations make them functionally distinct before one copy is silenced.
Among these are: 1) the repeats accumulated in the region passively along with newly-duplicated Abp genes; 2) as redundancy of gene function increased with continued Abp gene duplication, the region more readily accepted insertion of additional repeats; and 3) accumulation of repeat elements occurred because they contributed to the allelic regulation of particular genes [ 28].
These ESTs appear to be fusion products of the duplicated copy of Btbd9 and an intron of Glp1r; mRNA transcription presumably continues across the duplication boundary and incorporates sequence from an intronic region of Glp1r, thus producing a novel gene product in strains that possess this duplication.
"Whilst we are already a highly efficient business with strong Ebitda [Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation] margins of 38% across our 20 largest managed beer markets, we are continuing to remove duplication across markets, bringing specialist expertise in areas like procurement under one roof, and standardising common processes.
The number of examples linking increasing organismal complexity and gene duplication continues to grow [10], [11].
Given WHO's mandate; limited resources that are available to develop high quality guidelines that are informed by the best available evidence, particularly in LMIC; and the potential to reduce unnecessary duplication, WHO should continue to develop international guidelines.
By exploring the footprints of selection associated with genome duplication in Arabidopisis ecotypes and rice subspecies, Chapman et al. (2006) found that functional buffering might be important against genetic turbulence after genome duplication and could continue to act ~60 million years later.
