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Alternatively, as the liver experiences continual replacement of cell populations, the cell populations with altered methylation might have been replaced by week 12 from progenitor cell pools in which DMR methylation was normal.
Biomimetic coating of bioinert alloys with calcium phosphate phases provides a good alternative to the prerequisite for the continual replacement of implants because of the failure of bone-implant integration.
Continual replacement of hypertrophic cartilage, together with establishment of secondary ossification centers at outer (epiphyseal) tissue ends, defines the cartilaginous growth plates that provide bones with longitudinal growth potential until maturity.
Rapid postnatal muscle growth in C57 Bl/6 animals is partially driven by the fusion of satellite cells to existing myofibers while in mdx animals there is a large scale degeneration-regeneration phase at 4 6 weeks of age followed by continual replacement of degenerated fibers throughout adult life.
Casas et al. (2006) have discussed that this pattern is a consequence of continual replacement of plant materials in managed in situ populations and home gardens, including the introduction of plant material from other areas to home gardens, as well as the high gene flow between populations determined by bats and birds participating in pollination and seed dispersal.
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The population structure of subgroup III serogroup A meningococci seems to represent continual, sequential replacement of fit genotypes by related variants during periods of several years to decades (19 ).
Due to the lack of replacement teeth in most heterodontosaurids, it was proposed that the entire set of teeth was replaced during this dormant period, as it seemed that continual and sporadic replacement of teeth would interrupt the function of the tooth row as a single chewing surface.
Its activity is normally closely integrated with that of bone-forming osteoblasts, to enable the continual removal and replacement of bone that occurs throughout life.
The process of continual cell replacement is critical for the maintenance of adult tissues and is typically maintained through the presence of stem cells.
Antigenic evolution occurs rapidly, and strong diversifying selection exists to escape from human immunity; why then do we see serial replacement of strains rather than continual genetic and antigenic diversification?
This evolutionary pattern parallels that observed for seasonal H3N2 viruses and is indicative of frequent selective bottlenecks due to the serial replacement of circulating strains, as would be expected under continual antigenic drift (Grenfell et al., 2004).
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