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It is a contingent question whether punishment can be an efficient method of preventing crime in any of these ways, and some objections to punishment rest on the empirical claim that it cannot be that there are other and more efficient methods of crime-prevention, for instance those involving a therapeutic approach to offenders (see Wootton 1963; Menninger 1968).
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When Ahmadinejad was declared the victor by a large margin in spite of Mousavi's apparent popularity and a record turnout that many thought would favour the reformist contingent, questions of voting irregularities were raised by the opposition.
So it's thinking of a whole series of contingent questions that can be answered.
[ 14- 17] The novel association between FMF and fibrillary glomerulopathy in this patient raises two contingent questions.
This paper elicits WTP for improved air quality by means of a single-bounded, referendum format contingent valuation question.
The positive sign of Income suggests higher income could increase the probability of 'yes' answer to the contingent valuation question.
A non-exhaustive search yielded 15 published studies in which Mexican respondents stated WTP through a contingent valuation question or a discrete choice experiment.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Contingent Valuation panel recommended that a response category be included along with the vote in favor and vote against options associated with a referendum contingent valuation question that allows individuals to express lack of a well defined opinion.
Contingent valuation question formats that will be used to elicit willingness to pay for goods and services need to be relevant to the area they will be used in order for responses to be valid.
In this article, we describe the results of a carefully designed split sample experiment that allowed for comparison of a standard dichotomous-choice referendum treatment to a treatment that included the option of responding unsure to the contingent valuation question in addition to the standard vote in favor and vote against response categories.
A novel contingent valuation question format called the "structured haggling technique" (SH) that resembles the bargaining system in Nigerian markets was designed and its criterion and content validity compared with those of the bidding game (BG) and binary-with-follow-up (BWFU) technique.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com