Moreover, we chose to use the pp-TMS procedure also on the basis of a previous study showing that pp-TMS (and not sp-TMS) was able to detect modulations of the cortico-spinal system contingent upon processing of hand-action related nouns and verbs [35].
This awareness of the external environment is contingent on sensory processing, and can be disrupted by damage both to sensory cortices and to other areas of the human brain.
Furthermore, the proposed compensatory featural processing is contingent on cognitive strategies of problem solving, which is in agreement with a face-specific increase in the BOLD response in frontal areas in congenital prosopagnosia [37].
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Another neurophysiological approach to observe cortical information processing is the analysis of contingent negative variation (CNV), an event-related, slow cerebral potential following activation in the striato-thalamo-cortical loop.
This variation was significantly larger in hold than release and is reminiscent of the processing negativity [36], [37] or contingent negative variation (CNV; see [38], [39]), previously considered to reflect working memory engagement in linguistic tasks [1], [10], [17], [40] but also attentional effects [41], [42], [43], [44].
The results of the brain potentials thus reflected the temporal relationship of the two motor processes, the hand choice and the nogo decision, whose temporal relationship was contingent upon stimulus perception and unrelated to any linguistic processing.
Central information processing, visible in evoked potentials like the contingent negative variation (CNV) is altered in migraine patients who exhibit higher CNV amplitudes and a reduced habituation.
The event-related potential (ERP), P300, is involved in cognitive processing (Thakur et al. 2011), whereas the contingent negative variation (CNV) is another ERP that is speculated to show awareness, attention, decision-making, planning, and conation, as well as readiness for a motor response (Uysal et al. 2014).
One method for examining cortical information processing is the application of event-related potentials, for example the "Contingent Negative Variation" (CNV) [6].
