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One of the basic traits of the concept of vulnerability is the need to analyze the relationship between system and environment regarding contingent occurrences (shock) or rather slowly developing changes leading to unsafe conditions (continuous stressors).
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This view is also referred to as the cognitive account of classical conditioning [ 19- 23], since it assumes the formation of internal representation of the relationship between external sensory events (that is, contingent occurrence of the CS and US) by conditioning and that its activation leads to memory recall.
Previous studies of epistasis within a molecule have shown that interactions among mutations constrict the number of passable evolutionary trajectories through sequence space and make the outcomes of evolution contingent upon the prior occurrence of permissive mutations (Weinreich et al., 2006; Bridgham et al., 2009; Podgornaia and Laub, 2015).
A condition subsequent means that a previously binding contract will end upon the occurrence (or non-occurrence) of the contingent act or event.
Bi-conditionals are rendered true by a great variety of "links" (but 'being rendered true by' is not to be conflated with 'postulating'): contingent co-instantiation or co-occurrence is not enough for reduction, even though it is enough for some bi-conditionals to hold (and, therefore, for some pairs of possible theories to instantiate the official Nagel model).
Alcohol use results in a considerable range of diseases, the occurrence of which is contingent upon three factors: lifetime cumulative volume consumed; patterns of drinking; and drinking contexts [ 4, 5].
Divine activity is not the only possible way of understanding the character of the universe, its contingent existence, the unconditional claims of morality, or the occurrence of religious experiences and "miracles".
For individual cells, cell death is an occurrence of opportunity, and the form of cell death is contingent on the genome status and environmental conditions.
Specifically, this study addressed the question whether the occurrence of the bystander effect in the case of violence is contingent on the victim belonging to a participant's in- or out-group.
In the network of contingent evolution, only four character pairs showed strong evidence of contingent evolution, where the occurrence of one state change was highly contingent upon the background state of the other (Z-score >95%; Figure 4c, Additional file 1: Figure S4).
To further benchmark our findings, we also estimated the expected distribution of repeated adaptive evolution if its occurrence was unrelated to the phylogenetic separation of taxa (i.e., historically contingent effects on the outcome of adaptation were absent).
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