Exact(4)
Evolution will be evident, rather, in the imperfections, suboptimal design, quirky anatomy, and other manifestations of contingent evolutionary history.
That is, the phenomenon of convergence proves that truly contingent evolutionary processes can repeatedly produce the same, or very similar, organic designs in nature and that evolution is directional in these cases.
The vastness of the differences between human and other forms of life on Earth is not erased by pointing out that human beings got to be the way we are through contingent evolutionary processes acting on brains similar to those of extant apes, together with thousands of years of cultural evolution.
The existence of contingent evolutionary outcomes has been discussed extensively by Gould [33], among others, and has recently been experimentally demonstrated by Lenski's group in their long term evolution experiment (LTEE) with populations of E. coli [34].
Similar(55)
Second, the extent to which adaptations were contingent on evolutionary history appeared to depend on the specific aspect of the animal's phenotype under selection.
Adaptations described as 'functionally redundant' appeared least contingent on evolutionary history (Fig. 2b and Additional file 1: Figure S1b), with reports being frequent among both closely related and distantly related taxa.
He concluded that adaptive evolution was not contingent on past evolutionary events and that convergent evolution has probably been frequent throughout the history of life [ 20].
That is, the incidence of repeated evolution should, in general, increase with the phylogenetic separation of taxa if not contingent on past evolutionary events.
Adequately capturing the predictably of phenotypic change required for evolutionarily informed conservation actions will require well-replicated studies of broad taxonomic, ecological, and geographic scope to uncover historically contingent influences on evolutionary trajectories.
If the structure of that epistasis is anything like that present in the AncSR1-RE complex, then the web of contingent events that structures evolutionary trajectories is likely to be dense, with the evolutionary potential of any one molecule depending on prior events in other molecules.
The difficulty is that LD is also influenced by mutation, migration, and selection and thus estimates are contingent on a particular evolutionary model.
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