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We explore the driving factors behind deviant behavior by contrasting three theoretical frameworks: stable preference for deviant behavior, impact from social history on pro-social behaviors, and contingent cooperation with social norms.
Several experimental studies have demonstrated the presence of contingent reciprocity (Rutte and Taborsky 2008; Hauser et al. 2003), and there is some experimental evidence for contingent cooperation in chimpanzees (de Waal 1997; Melis et al. 2008).
Indeed, meta-analyses have revealed a weak but highly significant correlation between grooming and alliance support among female non-human primates over long time periods (Schino 2007a, b; Shino and Aureli 2007), suggesting that these behaviors have evolved as a system of low-cost contingent cooperation in some species (Shino and Aureli 2007).
More systematic efforts to document contingent behavioral strategies in naturalistic settings and more creative efforts to simulate ecologically relevant opportunities for contingent cooperation in the laboratory may help to resolve this paradox and shed light on the mechanisms that favor the evolution of cooperation in apes and other primates.
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Unlike the experience economy, success in the coherence economy is contingent on cooperation between myriad players.
Axel Springer's plans are contingent on cooperation with Google, a company that Mr. Murdoch has accused of "theft," contending that it earns billions of dollars of advertising revenue on the back of newspapers' journalistic endeavors.
Al-Falih, who also serves as chairman of energy mammoth Aramco, has displayed a willingness to decrease output, contingent on cooperation from non-OPEC members.
Mr. Davidge and Christie's have received conditional amnesty contingent on their cooperation with the investigation.
And its economic viability, he added, is contingent on the cooperation of Israeli customs and security officials, who will ultimately control access.
The judge said, however, that with Christie's having agreed to pay Mr. Davidge about $7.5 million contingent on his cooperation with the company -- and with about $3 million of the amount still unpaid -- Christie's had ample means of gaining Mr. Davidge's cooperation.
The motion hinges on a claim that Mr. Davidge, who resigned from Christie's in December 1999, was given a $7.5 million severance payment that was contingent upon his cooperation in helping the auction house receive amnesty from prosecution in the four-year antitrust investigation.
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