In seminars, domain-contingent cases were solved in a practical inquiry process, with the ultimate resolution in the Cognitive Presence, the activity that had the most value for the students.
If a pair of traits i and j were acquired simultaneously, we would expect γ ij and γ ji to both be higher than expected in the non-contingent case (as j should always appear to be immediately acquired after i and vice versa).
Simple: announce to the public (and would-be iBombers) that all carry-on electronics will be subject to enhanced scrutiny, contingent upon case-by-case analysis, as well as the occasional random search.
In the case of gods, this entails that they know the contingent event in a non contingent manner, the mutable immutably.
Bermuda also severely limits the ability of shareholders to sue officers and directors, including barring contingent-fee cases in which lawyers for those who sue are paid only if they win.
As is true for living systems in general, relations between genotype and phenotype are contingent, varying from case to case.
Arbitration, as an alternative to litigation, thus enables attorneys to represent investors using the contingent fee in cases where they would not do so if the cases were in court.
Yalowitz's argument appears to be doing precisely this in holding that the existence of exceptions the mark of a ceteris paribus generalization entails a merely contingent relation between cases successfully covered (non-exceptions) by that generalization.
Maximally specific ways the world could have been are commonly called 'possible worlds.' The apparatus of possible worlds allows us to introduce a set of modal notions: a proposition is necessary just in case it is true in all possible worlds, a proposition is possible just in case it is true in some possible worlds, and it is contingent just in case it is true in some but not all possible worlds.
Suppose that we agree to think about possibility and necessity in terms of possible worlds: a claim is possibly true just in case it is true in at least one possible world; a claim is necessarily true just in case it is true in every possible world; and a claim is contingent just in case it is true in some possible worlds and false in others.
In the case of contingent existence, an object exists contingently just in case its concept is neither connected to the concept of existence nor to something else whose concept is connected to (the concept of) existence.
