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This prediction follows from the contingency of evolution: we, as already present intelligent forms of life, are in a position to exert selective pressures onto the emerging new ones.
Although our data are consistent with this interpretation and there is precedent for this approach [27], it is not feasible to experimentally determine a priori the epistatic contingency of evolution in any experimental environment.
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The lesson learned from these studies is that the influence of historical contingencies on evolution strongly depends on the trait measured.
2. Also, with regard to the same issue of the role of contingency in evolution, I think it would make a lot of sense to cite not only Gould-Lewontin but also equally (if not more) relevant papers by Francois Jacob on "evolution and tinkering" (Science. 1977 Jun 10 196(4295):1161-6; Ann N Y Acad Sci.
I made modifications to acknowledge the important role of contingency at subsequent stages of evolution as well.
He used the Cambrian fauna as an example of the role of contingency in the broader pattern of evolution.
The concept of historical contingency in evolution is intimately related to the shape of the fitness landscape [ 45].
In the present study, we used populations of Tobacco etch virus (TEV) generated by Bedhomme et al.[ 24] to assess the importance of historical contingency in the evolution of this virus.
That error boils down to a preference for the traditionalist worldview, which sees existence as complete, ordered, and in harmony with unchanging divine purpose, over what might be called the historical worldview, which assumes change, contingency, and randomness — all the lessons of evolution.
The present experiment reinforces the idea that the answer to the question "How important is historical contingency in evolution?" strongly depends on the level of integration of the traits studied.
Of course, "secondary" does not mean unimportant; contingency and randomness are crucial, especially, at transitional stages of evolution (e.g., [ 63, 64] but the basic framework is Darwinian.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com