Because such pathways only occur in the smallest potential metabolisms, fragmentation and thus historical contingency do not strongly constrain the evolution of properties such as robustness, biomass synthesis rate, or the accessibility of novel metabolic phenotypes.
Pelloux et al. (2012) showed that the sub-population of rats that continued to seek cocaine despite punishment had markedly reduced levels of 5-HT utilization across prefrontal cortical areas (as well as decreased DA utilization in the dorsal striatum), whereas the 80% of rats that became abstinent after the introduction of the intermittent shock contingency did not.
In practice, the distribution system operators always try to maintain the system within a given voltage stability margin so that small contingencies do not make the system unstable.
As many experiments as these scientists have performed and have planned (and this is one of the most thought-through of such projects), these contingencies don't go away.
Contingency fees: an attorney charging a contingency fee does not collect legal fees from the client unless the attorney recovers money for the client.
Such claims need only recognize that some traits are less suited than others for specific environments – a contingency that does not imply the intrinsic superiority or inferiority of a given endowment.
When it comes to obstetric interventions, however, contingency theory does not seem to hold water.
An attorney charging a contingency fee does not collect legal fees from the client unless the attorney recovers money for the client, either through a settlement or a trial.
What he is doing, we might say, is to bring out the religious resonance of the concept of contingency: the concept does not simply signify the possibility of not-being, but when appropriated in the way he describes draws us into a life of "thanksgiving".
Graham said he wanted to make sure that the contingency fund doesn't amount to a "slush fund" but Obama's other requests were "in the ballpark".
