According to Schoonhoven (1981), the contingency approach is not a distinct theory, but rather a strategy for developing hypotheses.
The results of this study contribute to a more acute understanding of the contingency approach to ISD project risk management.
Past TQM literature has been inconclusive in resolving the validity of the universalistic approach versus the contingency approach of TQM implementation.
In this experimental study we integrate transformational leadership theory with recent theoretical considerations and research on core self-evaluations (CSE) in a contingency approach to leadership.
They suggest a contingency approach based on the information-processing paradigm to design a feasible set of structural alternatives from which the organization can choose (Tushman and Nadler 1978; Burton and Obel 1995, 2004).
Also, we adopt a contingency approach to innovation, which means that the Collective Innovation approach is not suitable for every innovation problem or challenge, but only for those that have many dimensions (technical, economical, environmental, and social).
Finally, we reflect on the theoretical arguments that underlie OM PCR (which are based on the contingency approach) and identify its limitations in fully explaining the currently observed patterns of use of OM practices and associated performance outcomes.
The consistency of themes across diverse operating environments supports the "best practice" strategic HRM theoretical framework and although differences were noted between organisations it is unclear whether these were a consequence of their different needs that would support a contingency approach.
In the 1960s, several theorists [ 4- 8] challenged this assumption by applying a "contingency approach" to propose that there is no best way to organize an organization, and that the effectiveness of an organizational structure varies with the situation of an organization.
We also found arguments that pointed to the importance of a contingency approach to management of health workers: effective managers implement management practices that have a good fit with the nature of their workforce, the tasks of the organisation and its environment.
