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The current distributions of widespread groups of terrestrial animals and plants are supposedly the result of a mixture of either vicariance owing to continental split or more recent trans-oceanic dispersal.
The very ground that they're standing on -- thanks to the continental split -- is constantly changing due to earthquakes and all of these great chasms opening up.
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Several mass extinction of species events are known to have occurred in temporal proximity to large asteroid impacts, global volcanic eruptions and continental splitting.
If all C-genome species separated no earlier than two Mya, the distribution of these species can be feasibly explained by long-distance dispersal rather than vicariance, given that the continental splitting was much earlier than the species radiation.
It diverged from B-genome at 4.8 Mya, then participated in the tetraploid formation spanning from 0.9 to 0.3 Mya, and spread into tropics of the disjunct continents by transcontinentally long-distance dispersal, instead of vicariance, as proposed by this study, given that the continental splitting was much earlier than the C-genome species radiation.
This philosophical approach (composed by parts of orientation, attitude and technique) provides the shared backdrop against which the analytic-continental split emerges.
For comparison we estimated the age of the nodes with the Penalized Likelihood (PL) method in r8s [ 43], using cox1 only and a calibration date of 33 MY for the Sardinian-continental split.
This area was formed millions of years ago when the continental shelves split and left a 60-mile-long granite island in the Indian Ocean between Cape Naturaliste in the north and Cape Leeuwin in the south.
By examining selected parts of these reptiles' genomes, a team reports tomorrow in Biology Letters that scolecophidians must have branched into new species as the continental land masses split apart millions of years ago.
In Yellowstone, home of the geographic continental divide, the splits in American society are also evident.
The Sardinian clade most likely originated by allopatric separation when the Sardinian microplates split from continental Europe through tectonic movements [ 29].
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