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The opening of the western Mediterranean basin started during the Alpine orogeny, when an eastward tectonic extension occurred between the African and Eurasian plates due to a subduction rollback between the oceanic and the continental slab (back arc extension).
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Thicknesses of the poroelastic layer in the slab and continental crust are initially assumed to be 16 and 6 km, respectively.
Solid lines indicate the upper surfaces of the Philippine Sea and Pacific slabs, and dashed lines denote the Moho for the continental plate and Philippine Sea and Pacific slabs.
On the trenchward side of the mainshock hypocenter, where most of the foreshocks occurred, the shallow dipping subducting Pacific slab contacts the continental crustal layer (slab-crust contact zone).
The lower continental crust above the Philippine Sea slab shows high attenuation and is almost aseismic.
By enhancing mass transfer and energy release, the cycle of fluids in subduction zones is a critical component of slab recycling and continental building processes.
Following previous studies of poroelastic rebound (e.g., Masterlark and Hughes, 2008; Hughes et al., 2010), the top layers of the subduction slab and the continental crust are assumed to be poroelastic at the time scales considered here.
One good example is the evolution of the Transylvanian Basin, which formed during Miocene times in an area located in between the rapid slab rollback and continental collision recorded at the exterior of the Carpathians and the extension of the neighbouring Pannonian Basin.
P-T-t paths followed by rocks of a high-pressure facies series are less predictable and depend strongly on the mechanism by which the rocks are transferred from the subducting slab to the overlying continental crust.
Friction at the interface between the slab and the overriding continental plate is not included, but its effect on the slab temperature near the bottom of the upper mantle is negligible.
The thickness of the mantle wedge between the continental Moho and top of the Philippine Sea slab seems to be about 5 10 km at the area.
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