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These factors were comparable with those found in previous studies conducted in Europe and North America, but nevertheless highlight contextual variances unique to the region.
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This study compares the impact of the hospital contextual variance against that of the operating surgeon on delivery of an adequate LN examination.Retrospective analysis of California Cancer Registry data for all CC operations (2001-2006).
Also, this study reveals substantial variances in contextual factors, measurement techniques and outcomes among the concepts of smart city governance.
Those contextual variables analyzed contributed little to explain the variance in verbal bullying, between schools and cities, among 9th grade school students in Brazil.
In case the contextual variables do not explain a significant part of the variance we will resort to classical multilevel models with robust estimators of the regression coefficients (Eicker-White estimator) that minimize the problems of heteroscedasticity [ 21].
Perhaps this difference is due to the limited time period that was examined in Sweeney's trend study, a design which may have reduced the variance in contextual gender roles.
The influence of the contextual variables, was examined by the extra increase in R-square explained variance after adding them to the model that already included the child characteristics.
Measures of variance such as median odds ratios or variance partition coefficients (general contextual effects (7)) show the share of the variance attributable to the higher level.
Analysis of variance and chi square were utilized to determine the presence of differences in background contextual variables by study arm assignment.
After estimating the full model, the between-country variance in the sample of women without child is fully explained by introducing the contextual variables and the cross-level interactions.
This suggests that the inclusion of contextual variables in adjusted analyses would not add value to the model as village characteristics explained little variance in maternal knowledge.
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