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The pool of candidate variables for W consists of the variables in the student contextual questionnaire.
Until now, these have been limited to the number of variables that can be obtained through the administration of a single 30-minute contextual questionnaire to all respondents.
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Is it possible to develop a methodology that uses rotated contextual questionnaires? 2.
The results of the analyses support the use of rotated contextual questionnaires for respondents in order to extend the methodology currently used in large-scale sample surveys.
First, the research shows that it is possible to develop a methodology that uses rotated contextual questionnaires in conjunction with multilevel item response models.
This situation raises the question of whether the multilevel item response theory methodology, which easily handles rotated assessment booklets, can be implemented with rotated contextual questionnaires.
This paper has added to that literature by exploring some of the implications of using rotated contextual questionnaires for respondents so as to expand the coverage of contextual variables while still placing a reasonable limitation on respondent time.
Finally, while further work using other datasets and other types of analyses seem desirable to provide further evidence, the outcomes of our research support using rotated contextual questionnaires for respondents in order to extend the methodology currently used in large-scale sample surveys.
Researchers exploring PISA, NAEP, and TIMSS data have used the multilevel item response theory approach to examine the relationships between a small number of latent proficiency variables, for example, three to seven such variables in the case of PISA, and quite a large number of other variables collected via respondent contextual questionnaires.
The parental questionnaire provided contextual data on many aspects of the children's lives which have been described elsewhere [ 16].
Our study defined individual and contextual variables based on questionnaires, observations (Strina et al. 2003), and environmental surveys (Milroy et al. 2001) carried out using standard protocols by the same staff during the two different periods.
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