Combined, these insights support a research agenda for land system science in the region that can develop more accurate and integrative monitoring of land change and their social and ecological consequences, better understand different stakeholder perspectives within a context of livelihood diversification, and encourage institutional feedbacks to govern land systems influenced by distant drivers.
In any case, continuity and change is characteristic of the push and pull evident in pastoral systems, be it in the context of livelihood diversification (Burnsilver 2009), the commodification of livestock and products (Yeh and Gaenang 2010) or livestock management systems (Xiaogang 2005).
In the context of sustainable livelihood framework, social capital is taken to mean the social resources upon which people draw in pursuit of their livelihood objectives.
Management and utilization of village bamboos as a potential source of carbon sink by smallholder farmers are discussed in the context of their livelihood security and the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations.
Should relocation be appropriate, identifying the most suitable site will require consideration of the range of possible locations of future vent opening (as in Richter et al. 2016) and the likely lava flow hazard relative to other natural hazards, and in the socio-economic and cultural context of strong livelihood ties to the agricultural land.
(1) Social: This includes people's participation to set the goal behind the development of technology, appreciation of the existing context in terms of livelihood activities, local natural resources, and human skills.
Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the perception of Afar pastoralists of the Middle Awash area about P. juliflora invasion in the context of their livelihoods and also to investigate the effect of P. juliflora invasion on Afar pastorals' vulnerability to recurrent moisture stress the area experiences.
Prior studies provide some clues to understanding these findings in the context of population livelihoods.
The case illustrates both how refugees struggle to recover their livelihoods in contexts of forced displacement and sedentarization in refugee camps and how this struggle is informed by pre-exile modes of subsistence and cultural values.
The evolution of livelihood opportunities (including changing health system context) is captured through period effect and its interaction with migration exposure.
