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Until roughly the mid-20th century, philosophers generally thought that precise logical rules could be given only for contexts of justification.
We might note, following Baier, (1958, chapter 6) that we think about reasons in three main contexts: contexts of justification, contexts of explanation and contexts of deliberation.
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Insofar as the two quests can be separated, one can speak of the "context of discovery" and the "context of justification".
Since the same reasoning process usually serves both discovery and justification and since any thorough evaluation of reasoning must take into account the strategies that govern the entire process, ultimately the context of discovery and the context of justification cannot be studied independently of each other.
The terms "context of discovery" and "context of justification" are often associated with Hans Reichenbach's work.
In his classic discussion, Hans Reichenbach distinguished between the context of discovery and the context of justification.
However, the context of discovery / context of justification distinction (or family of distinctions) is often attributed to Reichenbach (1938).
Philosophy of science, by contrast, is exclusively concerned with the context of justification.
That is: (observational) evidence is prior to theory within the context of justification.
It however can not play any role within the context of justification.
This distinction is similar to the distinction between the context of justification and the context of discovery in science.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com