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The ecological context of infections is often neglected; yet to understand the establishment of infections the origin of pathogens has to be considered.
The former is caused by mutations in genes involved in granule-mediated cytotoxicity, the latter occurs in a context of infections, malignancies or autoimmune/autoinflammatory disorders.
AAMs have been best studied in the context of infections by helminths [7], [8].
Thus, heterozygote advantage may only be apparent in the context of infections by multiple pathogens [18], [25].
This appears to be of special relevance in the context of infections with M. tuberculosis where, even in the presence of a strong adaptive immune response, clearance of bacteria from the infected tissue is not achieved [6], [26], [27].
The preservation of IL10 gene paralogs and other functionally related genes is likely the result of co-evolution, through which they act optimally in concert to confer biological effects, specifically in the context of infections with agents like HIV-1 where the antigenic repertoire evolves rapidly within the host.
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In the context of infection, CD8+ cells express TLR, but HIV does not infect these cells.
Analysis of platelet function in the context of infection and sepsis has yielded equivocal data depending on the experimental paradigm.
The IRA-B cell "is a specialized GM-CSF producer in the context of infection," Swirski says.
As such, ILCs can act as first-line defenders in the context of infection, inflammation and cancer.
In context of infection, there was decreased expression of CD3 and increased expression of PD-1 and CD69 on infected cells correlating with increased phosphorylation of proteins in the TCR pathway similar to changes observed during T cell activation.
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