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Emanuel and Steiner [33] investigated institutional conflicts of interest and potential remedies in the context of clinical research.
In the context of clinical research, investigators have historically selected the outcomes that they consider to be important, but these are often discordant with patients' priorities.
Although the charge of paternalism often carries with it some degree of condemnation, there is a strong history of what is regarded as appropriate paternalism in the context of clinical research.
The fact that these restrictions on the options available to competent adults in the context of clinical research trace to its close relationship with clinical care does not constitute a justification for applying the restrictions in this normatively distinct context.
Alternatively, one might argue that physicians' role responsibilities apply only in the context of clinical care and so do not apply in the context of clinical research at all.
imaging biobanks with general population data First scenario In this scenario, imaging biobanks are envisaged as infrastructure to archive, share and disseminate (for secondary use) image data that were originally used in the context of clinical research projects, such as clinical trials.
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The placebo effect with surgery is so strong that "sham surgery" within the clinical trial context is essential and an appropriate component of the ethics of clinical research.
Thirdly, we examine the concept as used in the context of international clinical research with a focus on three formulations of benefit sharing.
From the context of traditional clinical research, this is a reasonable objective, as one of the main limitations of RCTs is the generalizability of their results [ 32].
Participants agreed that any physician referring or providing experimental treatment or unproven procedures would generally be required to do so in the context of approved clinical research.
When our survey was conducted only two guidance documents were available, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDCC) [ 24] and the British HIV Association/British Association for Sexual Health and HIV [ 25], mainly oriented to limit inappropriate prescription, respectively, among MSM and outside the context of a clinical research study.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com