His treatise entitled Enchiridion Against the Lutherans (1525) was a summary of contested Catholic beliefs, Protestant objections to them, and answers to these difficulties.
This is done in the laissez-faire belief – contested even in economic theory – that any such attempt is self-defeating.
Epicurus, a 4th 3rd-century-bce Greek philosopher, contested the Stoic belief in divine providence, but the objections of his followers could not change the spiritual climate of the Greco-Roman world.
What makes ours a "secular" age, he writes, is not that it is defined by unbelief, but rather that belief is contestable and contested.
Moreover, it has been contested that misperceptions and false beliefs rely on radically separated cognitive processes [ 60].
The question of when life begins is contested and ultimately is a matter of belief.
People were aware of biomedical explanations for its cause but contested them with views based in local cosmologies and belief systems [ 29, 35, 61].
The question of whether one's experiences as opposed to one's beliefs about one's experiences, or one's knowledge of one's experiences can play a direct role in justifying beliefs about the external world is a much contested one in the philosophy of perception; it will not be pursued further here.
However educated someone might be, and however broadminded and tolerant they are, as soon as their religion is contested, they will lose their temper and fiercely defend their beliefs.
Although the use of focus groups within phenomenological methods is contested [ 39, 40] the most frequent objection is based on the belief that the 'essence' of a phenomenon is best explored by individuals who must describe their experience, without interference [ 39].
