Land commodification has not weakened the power of the state but instead strengthened the fiscal capacity of local governments to contest with changes in central-local fiscal relations made in the 1994 "tax sharing system".
We suggest that this is likely because body size is a strong predictor of success in competitive situations and high natural variation in this trait means that selection on factors that influence contest outcomes via changes in motivation is likely to be weak.
In contrast, changes in call frequency, which are not correlated with size, predicted the outcome of simulated contests, suggesting that male cricket frogs signal information about agonistic intent.
Amino acid sites under positive selection were detected with Bayesian empirical bayes (BEB) inference under the M8 model in PAML [ 21], and with CONTEST, that assesses protein changes in biochemical constraints to calculate evolutionary rates [ 22].
We found that social experience, but not age, influenced male contest behavior but that these changes in behavior did not alter contest outcomes.
Oddly enough, such a polarity might now prove an advantage in the Oscar contest, because changes this year in balloting for best picture have put a premium on first-place votes.
In an e-mail message to Mr. Lee, Joseph Evangelisti, a spokesman for Chase, explained the thinking behind the changes in the contest.
If the effects of experience on behavior that we see here are not due to changes in perceived likelihood of winning contests, what could be their cause?
At the first glance it might seem to be surprising that changes in group size led to changes in the evolution of the contest strategy given that all other parameters were held constant.
Thus, if winner and loser effects are produced by changes in perceived relative competitive status within the population, other social experiences should also play a role in determining contest behavior, particularly in species where contest behavior is costly and where other cues to assess fighting ability exist, as may be the case when morphology correlates strongly with fighting ability.
