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Both the structure and selective-attention design guidelines had a positive influence on text structure understanding, essential contents comprehension and usability of digital text.
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In addition, based on overall findings related to content comprehension, and a list of specific difficult terms, we undertook a comprehensive plain language revision of the P3P in English, with the assistance of the Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center Health Communication Core.
Therefore, it is suggested that content comprehension of shadowing materials is the key factor in order to improve the item scores of these variables.
The line is not directional, because the Pearson correlation does not assume the cause and effect relationship; however, considering procrastination (Ct2) is much like the effect than cause, this line would most likely be interpreted as: content comprehension (IM3) is challenging (IM1), so cannot start working on shadowing easily (Ct2).
The majority of usability issues were related to content comprehension.
Seven participants with a range of education levels identified 25 unique usability issues in navigation, content comprehension and completeness, sociocultural appropriateness, and methodology.
The majority of usability issues reported were due to lack of content comprehension or translation, with a significant number of navigation problems also observed.
Content comprehension of the direct translation was the most common usability problem, necessitating additional revision to plain language in Spanish, but other usability issues that related to navigation, Internet skills, and content required attention.
Certification examinations test for proficiency in content comprehension and decision-making capabilities, yet there is no objective testing to evaluate arthroscopic technical competencies at the end of residency [ 20- 22].
This was not surprising, given that others have shown that performance of nonmajors in biology courses can surpass the performance of majors in terms of content comprehension (Sundberg and Dini, 1993; Sundberg et al., 1994).
A total of 239 instances of usability issues, including multiple instances of the same problem, were recorded: 65 (27%) in navigation, 145 (61%) in content comprehension and completeness, 25 (10%) in socio-cultural appropriateness, and 4 (2%) in proxy user problems (Table 3).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com