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First, reason can restrict the possible content of propositions allegedly revealed by God; in particular, no proposition of faith can be a contradiction.
Subject terms and predicate terms provide the content of propositions.
For the essential claim of phenomenalism is that the content of propositions about material objects can be entirely specified in sense-datum terms.
To this end his formal system contains not only symbols indicating the content of propositions (including logical constants), but also symbols indicating the force with which they are put forth.
If the content of propositions about material objects cannot be given entirely in terms of sense-data, if that content involves essential and ineliminable reference to further material objects, then phenomenalism fails.
(Note that it is a guarantee that is required, for otherwise the content of the claim in question as not been fully captured).[9] A related, but still much more difficult problem concerns what the phenomenalist can say about the content of propositions about material objects and events in the past, perhaps the very distant past.
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This solution denies the first premise of the basic argument: (1) Yesterday God infallibly believed T. What is denied according to this solution is not that God believes infallibly, and not that God believes the content of proposition T, but that God believed T yesterday.
Jayarāśi can be classified as a sceptic, or even a methodological sceptic, who consistently avails himself of a particular method to analyse theories and the contents of propositions.
In any case, Abelard's point clearly is that he takes the causal relation to hold between the significata of whole propositions, regardless of the particular content of these propositions, or the particular kind of causality involved.
The idea is that facts make true certain basic propositions, and the truth-value of the remaining, more complex propositions is determined by the basic truths and the particular content of these propositions.
We will discuss this type of necessity in sections 2.3 and 2.6, but we can begin with the intuitive idea that there is a kind of necessity that a proposition has now when the content of the proposition is about something that occurred in the past.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com