Second, the content of normative competence "depends on the particular norms or standards in relation to which an agent's freedom may be determined" (Benson 1990, 55).
Furthermore, the test items cover the main content of the competence-oriented curriculum in upper secondary business schools in Austria (BMUKK 2010).
Such an alternative content-related model of competence measurement, as in Figure 2, appears in some other vocational assessments (Nickolaus, 2011; Nickolaus, Gschwendter, & Geissel 2008; Rosendahl & Straka, 2011; Seeber, 2008).
Carnap later suggested that intensions could be regarded as the content of lexical semantic competence: to know the meaning of a word is to know its intension, "the general conditions which an object must fulfill in order to be denoted by [that] word" (Carnap 1955).
Furthermore, the experts suggested additional terms or concepts concerning both the description and the content of the key competences (11%), and mentioned overlaps between key competences or CanMEDS roles (5%).
This promotes the balancing of content and other aspects of competence and counteracts the pitfall of overemphasising easy-to-measure elements, like unrelated factual knowledge.
The latter may include pre-reading, formal training, and assessment of competence of content knowledge, and/or teaching ability [ 5, 37].
It suggested that the effectiveness of behaviour change counselling is predicted by the length, the intensity, the content of interventions and the competence of the deliverer [ 17].
Items were selected so that the abbreviated form: reflected the content of the conceptual model (competence, honesty, fidelity, and global trust); and contained both positively and negatively worded items.
Some scarce empirical research into the appropriate structure or model of competence suggests a content-based classification, such that item content exerts a characteristic influence on its difficulty.
