When the cellulase loading was evaluated using FPU per gram of glucan content in the substrate, the glucan hydrolysis of the BM -and HCW-BM-treated eucalyptus was accomplished by a cellulase loading of only 10 and 8.5 FPU/g glucan, respectively (Fig. 3).
For the as-deposited films, electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry reveals a trapezoid modulation in Si content in the substrate normal direction, with a period of 4 to 23 nm dependent on cathode configuration.
In order to estimate the total D-galacturonic acid content in the substrate, 1 g (0.88 g DM) of the prepared CPW was hydrolysed with 127 PGNU (polygalacturonase unit, as defined by Novozymes) per ml of a commercial pectinase (Pectinex Ultra SP-L, Novozymes) in a final volume of 30 ml.
Relatively high N contents in the commercial alloys caused the formation of AlN precipitates in the CVD aluminide coating, which adversely affected the adhesion of the as-deposited coatings, particularly on 304 L. The reduction of N content in the substrate alloys resulted in a cleaner coating layer with fewer precipitates and Kirkendall voids.
The amounts of enzymes required for hydrolysis of pretreated raw material depend upon the pretreatment applied to the substrate and the availability of carbohydrate content in the substrate [ 26].
Polypropylene bags are used for substrate bagging and the moisture content in the substrate was kept at 60% - 65%.
The coating thickness, average microhardness and surface roughness decreased with an increase of Si content in the substrates.
The cellulose content in the spent substrate was 91.55% that of the unused substrate, which was slightly reduced, and lignin in the spent substrate was 81.88% that of the unused substrate, reducing to a larger degree than cellulose.
The addition of the GH11 EX resulted in similar hydrolysis improvements (about 20%) on both substrates despite the almost 2-fold higher xylan content in the SPP180 substrate as compared to the SPP200 substrate (Table 2).
One reason for this phenomenon was that the initial ethanol production rate was a function of the accessible surface area for microbes, while the slowdown of the ethanol production rate at the later stage of fermentation was due to the low nutrient content in the solid substrate and the difficulty of attacking the remaining nutrients.
