A much less frequently used approach involves the use of thematic review and harmonization of content between focus groups conducted concurrently in different cultures, a method known as parallel cross-cultural PRO content validation [ 38].
Moreover, they may provide a way to use a set of standardized procedures and tools for cross-cultural harmonization of content during early PRO development.
Restricted interoperability is often inevitable from the very root of the problem, e.g. insufficient harmonization of clinical contents of heterogeneous systems of electronic health records.
We are developing a structure-based, algorithmic method to identify potential concepts for enriching the conceptual content of SNOMED CT and to support semantic harmonization of SNOMED CT with selected other Unified Medical Language System UMLSS) terminologies.
This has included facilitating systems for developing and implementing competency-based curricula and harmonization of FP and HIV/AIDS content for pre-service and in-service training, especially of nurses and midwives [ 3].
The A/T contents of Pfs48/45 sequence before and after codon harmonization were 75% and 56%, respectively.
For this, 13 steps were defined to ensure the harmonization, standardization, completion, de-duplication, and consistency of the dataset content.
The term "linguistic validation" often refers to the process of investigating the conceptual equivalence and content validity of translation of PRO instruments, including forward- and back-translation, review, harmonization, and cognitive debriefing [19, 20]; it does not include psychometric validation, which is nonetheless seen as an important second step for cross-cultural validation [21].
A code book (harmonization guidelines) was made explaining how the variables were harmonized (see additional file 1: Harmonization guidelines).
CIOMS=Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences guidelines; CRF=case report form; CSR=clinical study report; DLX=duloxetine; ICH E3=International Conference on Harmonization of technical requirements for registration of pharmaceuticals for human use: structure and content of clincal study reports: E3; IP AE=individual patient adverse event.
