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Actual implementation experiences for an undergraduate and graduate course at the University of Toronto indicates enhanced motivation and greater appreciation of contemporary control engineering practice among students.
Injury data were collected for the intervention fire department and a contemporary control department.
One study [21] recruited the control group from data archives; therefore, the criteria of contemporary control and treatment groups were not fulfilled (item 10).
Same-day (with appointment) vaccination rates during the intervention seasons were compared to historical (2005-2011 seasons) controls; vaccination rates were also compared to contemporary control population at the University of Michigan Health System (UMHS).
A contemporary control group of 208 healthy siblings of CCS were recruited.
The reported evaluations were retrospective, and suffered from a lack of well matched historical or contemporary control groups.
Similar(45)
Comparison of identified proteins in all four iTRAQs determined that both M. bovis and M. paratuberculosis infected sera showed elevated expression of Vitamin D Binding Protein (DBP) relative to age-matched contemporary controls.
Sera from five animals each infected with M. bovis and M. paratuberculosis and contemporaneous controls were pooled in equal concentrations (100 µl each at 100 µg/µl) for four separate iTRAQ experiments - 1) M. bovis infection vs. contemporary controls, 2) M. bovis vs. M. paratuberculosis infection, 3) early and 4) chronic M. paratuberculosis infection vs. uninfected control (Figure 1).
The control group (n = 5) had similar expression in all animals at all time points of infection with the exception of animal 3. Interestingly, DBP was significantly elevated (P<0.05) during mid-infection (3 months PI) as compared to early (1 month PI) and late (4 months PI) infection or contemporary controls (Figure 6).
Contemporary controls are often patients with contraindications to biologics and are likely to have atypical outcomes.
The changes found over time in fact emphasize the necessity for contemporary controls when assessing infection control interventions.
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