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Despite the potential for groundwater contamination, pit latrines remain an important strategy for improving human excreta disposal.
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Studies on groundwater contamination from pit latrines.
Review of studies on groundwater contamination from pit latrines.
In this study, we assessed the known and measured environmental health impacts associated with groundwater contamination by pit latrines.
The potential for widespread groundwater contamination from pit latrines is also affected by social factors, such as latrine use, latrine densities, maintenance, and groundwater pumping.
A new review assesses the known and measured environmental health impacts associated with groundwater contamination by pit latrines [ EHP 121 5):521 530; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1206028].
Our analysis of existing literature reveals five key knowledge gaps that could be addressed to improve our understanding and management of groundwater contamination from pit latrines.
In a study testing liners as a way to reduce groundwater contamination from pit latrines, Nichols et al. (1983) found fecal coliforms in soil samples taken adjacent to only one of five peat-lined pits, compared with three of three unlined pits.
Nevertheless, based on available reports, researchers who looked for groundwater contamination from pit latrines frequently detected it, and studies observed travel distances of up to 25 m, 50 m, and 26 m for unsafe concentrations of bacteria, viruses, and chemicals, respectively (Caldwell 1937b; Caldwell and Parr 1937; Verheyen et al. 2009).
The high levels of these metals in groundwater might be linked to seepage of acid mine drainage into the aquifer and possible contaminations from pitting exercise during the gold mining operation (Frank, 2013).
The team also conducted a literature search for groundwater contamination associated with pit latrines.
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