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Contamination buildup on the CCD surface was predicted in pre-launch estimates to result in a mean throughput loss of 9% after 5 years on-orbit, though the calculation of this number has significant uncertainties.
PKS 2155-304 also has been regularly observed with LETG/ACIS-S to monitor contamination buildup on ACIS (see Section 6.5.1) and for cross calibration with other X-ray missions.
However, due to contamination buildup, which is more substantial toward the edges of the array, we no longer recommend that the nominal aimpoint be shifted from the center of the detector.
However, there is little evidence that the efficiency of the intake filter is adequate to prevent airborne contamination emissions or protect the internal air path from microbial contamination buildup.
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Computes a 128x128 weighted instrument map for ACIS-S3 which excludes the QE correction due to the buildup of contamination on the ACIS optical blocking filter.
By default, the time and spatial dependence of the ACIS quantum efficiency due to the buildup of contamination on the optical blocking filter is accounted for automatically.
After a buildup period, contamination levels of meat peaked by July 2011 (beef).
The ACIS effective areas include a correction that accounts for the buildup of molecular contamination on the ACIS filters (see the discussion in Section 6.5.1).
Soil sampling carried out in the vicinity of the smelter has shown a significant buildup of metal contamination in the soil up to 15 km from the smelter (Colgan et al. 2003).
"On a parking lot, for example, we have demonstrated buildups of hydrocarbons, bacterial contamination, metals from wearing brake linings, and spilled antifreeze," says Ferguson.
This technology diminishes land requirements and reduce landfill buildup, leachate, or ground water runoff contamination, diminish odor for nearby towns and citizens, and reduce costs and labor requirements.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com