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Despite the high incidence of campylobacteriosis, outbreaks are rare in Australia, possibly because of the high dose required to cause infection and because foods causing infection are thought to become contaminated through cross-contamination (16, 20 ).
Nevertheless, contamination of semidried tomatoes with HAV was actually confirmed in the related outbreak in Australia (23 ), and there are examples of HAV infection caused by consumption of food that was contaminated through contact with an infected food handler (33 ) or fecal contamination during food production (e.g., for shellfish or green onions) (34 – 34 ).
In addition to contamination by human and animal waste, the lake over the years has been contaminated through adverse industrial activities such as dumping of waste and sewerage.
Salmon get contaminated through their food.
Root vegetables and leafy greens are most likely to be contaminated through manure applications to soil, to help fertilize crops, according to the University of Colorado's extension program.
Of those, 250 people, some with radioactive residue still on their skin, were found to be contaminated through the use of Geiger counters.
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Pesticides contaminate through agricultural as well as public hygienic sources (Damalas and Eleftherohorinos 2011; Younes and Galal-Gorchev 2000).
The transmission pathways of EV71 are believed to be multiple, i, e, close contact, droplets through respiratory tract and contaminated water through gastrointestinal tract [ 12].
In addition, the contamination may have occurred through the translocation of these chemicals from contaminated soil through the root system.
People can become infected by eating contaminated food, through contact with farm animals or with contaminated water.
Contamination at the source could occur through contaminated soil or contaminated water during harvesting.
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