The contaminated samples contained significantly reduced peak areas compared with the controls, indicating that the contaminant was heparinase resistant, and aiding its identification as OSCS [ 1].
Both a naturally D3G-contaminated sample (containing only small amounts of 3ADON) and a D3G-spiked wheat sample were used.
The same protocol was also applied to the naturally contaminated wheat sample containing 3520 μg kg−1 DON, 460 μg kg−1 D3G, and 67 μg kg−1 3ADON.
Firstly, assembled genome sizes are verified to ensure they are within the expected Neisseria genome range (Table 1) as contaminated samples will contain a distinctly larger genome.
As naturally contaminated wheat samples containing only 15ADON or 3ADON (without large amounts of D3G) were not available, the experiments were performed with spiked samples.
The cluster analysis performed on the loading plot (Figure 2D) produced two distinct clusters, one comprising pure samples and the other containing contaminated samples, demonstrating that the analysis of scanning UV spectra by PCA is a powerful method to differentiate pure from impure heparin preparations.
Twenty-three sanalysednalysed in the second year also contained aflatoxin B2 (atB2) at levels ≥LOD of 0.002 ng g−1 The five most contaminated samples in each year contained 1.44 7.14 ng AFB1 g−1 (year 1) and 1.45 3.48 ng AFB1 g−1 (year 2); they were mostly basmati rice from India and Pakistan and black and red rice from Thailand.
The five most contaminated samples in each year contained 1.44 7.14 ng g−1 of AFB1 (year 1) and 1.45 3.48 ng g−1 of AFB1 (year 2); they were mostly basmati rice from India and Pakistan, and black and red rice from Thailand.
Specifically, samples in triplicate containing 0.1% uniquely tagged spike-ins were deliberately cross-contaminated by adding another sample, containing 0.1% spike-ins with SASI barcode #77, to 10%, 1% and 0.1% relative to the concentration of the original sample.
In addition, 17 soil samples were collected from areas that were not associated with trees, and one sample containing soil contaminated with the excreta of an unknown bird species was positive for C. neoformans var.
EIS is one of the widely used techniques and gives the physio-chemical information of contaminated samples and the resulting multi-variate dataset contain all the hidden patterns and set of information that are needed to be explored.
